Wann kann die heißbegehrte Festkörperbatterie kommerzialisiert werden?
The year 2025 was a key year for the accelerated transition from laboratory research and development to pilot - series production of all - solid - state batteries. With new progress in material innovations and the iteration of core processes, the all - solid - state battery industry reached a significant stage this year, and the time for mass production and vehicle installation is getting closer.
On November 22, CCTV News reported that China's first large - volume all - solid - state battery production line was officially put into operation and is currently in the small - series test production phase. The production line was independently built by the GAC Group. The energy density of the produced all - solid - state batteries is almost twice as high as that of current traction batteries, enabling vehicles equipped with them to easily achieve a range of over 1,000 kilometers. According to information, the GAC Group plans to test small - series vehicles in 2026 and gradually introduce mass production from 2027 to 2030.
An all - solid - state battery is an electrochemical device that completely replaces the conventional liquid electrolyte and separators with a solid electrolyte. Its core feature is that the ion - conducting medium is a solid rather than a liquid, which gives it the potential for higher energy density, safety, and longer lifespan. Therefore, the all - solid - state battery is regarded as the "ultimate solution" for range and safety concerns in electric vehicles.
In recent years, the all - solid - state battery mostly remained at the level of concept hype. However, since 2025, the industry has achieved numerous key decisions. Several players have successively started small - series test productions, and the development centers are clearly focused on the core requirements of "verifiable, engineerable, and suitable for mass production." A race for the revolutionary battery technology has quietly begun.
01.
The participants start the placement battle
Currently, a clearly structured field of four camps has formed in the field of all - solid - state batteries: Firstly, traction battery companies such as CATL, BYD, Guoxuan High - Tech, and LG Energy Solution, which occupy a central position thanks to their scaling and technological accumulation; secondly, automobile manufacturers such as GAC Group, Chery Automobile, and Toyota, which promote the industrialization process through a close connection to the value - creation chain; thirdly, raw material and equipment companies such as Lead Intelligent Equipment and Yinghe Technology, which control the key points in the upper value - creation chain; fourthly, innovative battery technology companies such as Weilan New Energy and Qingtao Energy, which focus on differentiated approaches to achieve technological breakthroughs.
The participants from these four camps cover all aspects of the all - solid - state battery value - creation chain from top to bottom. Their actions are focused differently, but all give clear signals for implementation: Either they bring products related to all - solid - state batteries to the market, start pilot production lines, or announce the time points for mass production and commercial implementation to jointly accelerate the implementation process of all - solid - state batteries.
As early as April 2024, CATL announced a schedule for the research, development, and mass production of all - solid - state batteries. At the results conference in July 2025, CATL made it clear again that it is expected to start small - series production of all - solid - state batteries in 2027 and large - scale mass production could be possible around 2030. Subsequently, Zeng Yuqun, Chairman of CATL, spoke about all - solid - state batteries again at the 2025 World Traction Battery Conference and directly said that CATL is at the forefront globally in terms of the research and industrialization of all - solid - state batteries.
In the battle for the industrialization of all - solid - state batteries, Guoxuan High - Tech has already entered the pilot - series production phase and has started planning a 2 - GWh production line. It plans to start small - series production in the third quarter of 2027. EVE Energy's "Longquan II" all - solid - state battery has been successfully produced, and the mass - production base of the Solid - State Battery Institute in Chengdu was officially inaugurated. After full operation, the annual capacity of this base will be nearly 500,000 cells. Fosal Energy plans to put the all - solid - state battery pilot production line into operation by the end of 2025 and be able to supply small series. From 2026 to 2027, small - series production and vehicle installation should be promoted, and mass production should be achieved in 2030.
At the same time, automobile manufacturers have also announced the mass - production time points and plans for all - solid - state batteries to promote the industrialization process of all - solid - state batteries.
BYD's specific plan shows that in 2027, 1,000 demonstration vehicles of the Yangwang brand will be equipped with all - solid - state batteries for the first time, and tests will be carried out in scenarios such as long - distance logistics and high - end trips. By 2030, the number of vehicles with all - solid - state batteries should increase to 40,000, covering the mid - and high - end models of the Dynasty and Ocean series. External supply should start in 2033, and the number of vehicles with all - solid - state batteries should exceed 120,000.
In addition, Changan Automobile announced that it will present a prototype vehicle with an all - solid - state battery for the first time in 2025, conduct large - scale installation verification in 2026, and be able to start mass production step - by - step in 2027. Geely Automobile plans to complete the installation verification of all - solid - state batteries in 2026 and start mass production in 2027. SAIC Motor's all - solid - state battery production line is already fully operational, and the production of prototypes should be completed by the end of 2025. The first all - solid - state battery, the "Guangqi Battery", is expected to go into mass production in 2027.
All this indicates that all - solid - state batteries are no longer just a concept hype. At the 2025 World Traction Battery Conference, Chinese Academy academician Ouyang Minggao also noted that all - solid - state batteries have entered a critical phase of dealing with challenges. Unexpected progress has been made in material mechanisms, interface stability, and engineering verification in the past year.
02.
Three hurdles still need to be overcome
The energy density of all - solid - state batteries could be over 600 Wh/kg, which is more than twice as high as the energy density of current liquid lithium - ion batteries (200 Wh/kg - 300 Wh/kg). In addition, safety is higher because the risk of thermal overloading of the electrolyte in liquid lithium - ion batteries is eliminated. At the same time, almost no lithium ions are consumed during the charging and discharging process, which significantly extends the cycle life.
However, the key transition from laboratory research and development to commercial mass production of all - solid - state batteries is much more difficult than expected.
Although much progress was made in all - solid - state battery technology in 2025, some critical technical bottlenecks remain, which directly affect the performance and industrialization process of all - solid - state batteries. Ion conductivity is one of the core problems facing all - solid - state batteries. The ion conductivity of solid electrolytes is generally lower than that of liquid electrolytes. Low ion conductivity means that the transfer speed of lithium ions during fast charging and discharging of the battery does not meet the demand, causing the battery to heat up significantly, reducing performance, and even creating safety risks. This significantly limits the charging and discharging speed and the power density of the battery. Currently, the three technological approaches of sulfides, oxides, and polymers are the main solutions to the problem of insufficient ion conductivity. However, each of these approaches has its advantages but also obvious disadvantages.
Interface compatibility is also a major problem that hinders the development of all - solid - state batteries. The solid - solid interface between the solid electrolyte and the electrode has a high interface resistance. During the charging and discharging process, due to the volume change of the electrode material, problems such as poor contact and increased pores at the solid - solid interface can occur, which hinders the transfer of lithium ions, causes the battery capacity to decline faster, and shortens the cycle life.
Currently, the research directions for solving the interface compatibility problem mainly focus on interface modification and structural design. For example, by coating the electrode surface with a buffer layer with good compatibility, the interface resistance can be reduced and the interface stability can be improved. In addition, by designing a new electrode - electrolyte structure, the contact area between the electrode and the electrolyte can be increased and the transfer path of lithium ions can be improved to enhance the interface compatibility.
High costs are also a key bottleneck that hinders the mass production of all - solid - state batteries. According to a research report from the Battery Intelligence research institute, the unit cost of all - solid - state batteries is up to 1,200 yuan/kWh, which is more than three times the cost of conventional liquid lithium - ion batteries. Yang Hongxin, Chairman of Honeycomb Energy, also admitted that the cost of all - solid - state batteries is much higher than that of liquid batteries. Even in one or two years, there could still be a cost difference of five to ten times. In addition, the low yield further increases the cost of all - solid - state batteries. Currently, the yield in all - solid - state battery laboratory research and development is only 60% - 70%, and in pilot - series production, it drops to 40% - 50%, far behind the yield of liquid lithium - ion batteries.
Insufficient ion conductivity, poor interface stability, and difficult cost control are the three core challenges that hinder the industrialization process of all - solid - state batteries. However, those who can crack these "hard nuts" have the chance to stand out in the field of all - solid - state batteries and may become the next "CATL" to reshape the industry landscape.
03.
When will commercialization come?
While all - solid - state batteries are still in the pilot - series production phase, semi - solid - state batteries are a practical choice for many participants due to their advantages in terms of safety and acceptable costs.
Semi - solid - state batteries are an improvement of the existing liquid lithium - ion battery system. They have largely inherited from the value - creation chain of liquid lithium - ion batteries in terms of material system, manufacturing process, and equipment. Although they still essentially remain in the field of liquid lithium - ion batteries, without a comprehensive restructuring of the existing production lines, they can significantly improve the safety of the batteries and increase the energy density to 300 - 400 Wh/kg. They are the best solution in the technology transition phase.
Yang Hongxin, Chairman of Honeycomb Energy, believes that the technology of semi - solid - state batteries will exist in the long term and will become the main technology in the field of ternary batteries. He said that the semi - solid - state battery developed by Honeycomb Energy for an automobile manufacturer went into mass production in the mass - production line in November, and it is planned to achieve wide application in mid - and high - end vehicles in 2026.
A representative of the traction battery industry told DoNews that 2025 was a key year for the introduction and increasing spread of mature semi - solid - state batteries and that commercialization has already begun. Although semi - solid - state batteries are not a perfect technology, they are the most realistic choice under the current industry conditions. The representative also believes that all - solid - state batteries are in a critical phase of dealing with technological challenges and that mass production of all - solid - state batteries and their installation in vehicles could be possible around 2030.
At the 2025 World Traction Battery Conference, the debate about "when all - solid - state batteries can be commercialized" was the core point of the entire conference. Wu Zhixin, vice - chairman of the Chinese platform for the cooperative innovation promotion of all - solid - state batteries in research, education, and industry, estimates that all - solid - state batteries will be commercially used between 2032 and 2033. Yang Hongxin, Chairman of Honeycomb Energy, believes that a small demonstration - use volume is possible in 2027. Deng Chenghao, vice - president of Changan Automobile and chairman of Deepal Automobile, directly said that mass commercialization in 2030 is the "most optimistic forecast."
It should be noted that although the development of all - solid - state batteries has been accelerated, the future development direction and speed of battery technology are difficult to predict. If significant breakthroughs are made in hydrogen fuel cells, sodium - ion batteries, or other technologies, this could pose competitive pressure on all - solid - state batteries and hinder their industrialization process and market penetration.
All - solid - state batteries are undoubtedly the hottest niche market in the field of renewable energy in 2025. However, all - solid - state batteries are not just a simple one - dimensional technological iteration but a systemic innovation involving materials science, interface technology, manufacturing processes, and other fields. It is particularly important that all - solid - state batteries are both capital - intensive and technologically demanding. Their breakthrough requires continuous huge research and development investments and long - term technological accumulation.